Desperate Sons Read online

  secretary of, Thomson, 229

  Sons of Liberty’s agenda becomes colonial policy, 231

  strength of resolves, different locales, 240

  time for petition to reach London, 232

  Virginia delegation, 228

  Continental Congress of 1775 (Second), 232

  Franklin and, 261

  Gadsden at, 261–62

  Samuel Adams and, 258–59

  Conway, Henry, 78, 83, 84

  Cooper, William, 136

  Copley, John, 207

  Copperheads, 266, 267

  Cornwallis, General Lord Charles, 250

  Cosby, William, 65

  Cronkite, Walter, 137

  Cruger, John, Jr., 74, 80

  Cunningham, William, 240

  Curling, Alexander, 215

  Currency Act of 1764, 108

  Curtiz, Michael, 268–69

  Cushing, Thomas, 170, 194, 195

  Dalrymple, Col. William, 161–62

  Dartmouth (tea ship), 202–6, 208

  captain of, 205

  owner of, 204–5, 208–9

  tea thrown overboard, 210–11

  Dartmouth, William Legge, Lord

  approves first strike of war, 238

  letter of commendation to Governor Bull, 216

  letter to, “Oration of the Beauties of Liberty,” 193

  orders arrest of Samuel Adams and other Sons of Liberty leaders, 237, 238, 239, 243, 244

  petition of Continental Congress and, 236

  Davis, William, 72

  Dawes, William, 246, 247–48

  Dawson, Henry, 69

  Declaration of Independence, 283n

  Franklin and drafting of, 261

  precursor to, 59–61

  Declaration of Rights (1765), 59–61

  Declaratory Act, 101, 106

  “in all cases whatsoever” phrase in, 101, 117

  DeLancey, James, 141, 142–43, 176

  Delaware

  as land grant or proprietorship, 5–6

  nonimportation agreements, 131

  Dickerson, O. M., 130

  Dickinson, John, 120–23, 135, 230

  Dorchester, Massachusetts, 134–35, 208

  Douw, Volkert, 21

  Duché, Jacob, 229–30

  Dudingston, Lt. William, commander of the Gaspée, 179–83, 185–86, 187

  Dunn, Samuel, 184

  East India Company, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 206, 214

  Boston consignees pressured, 200–202

  Boston Tea Party and, 204–12

  reimbursement of demanded, 219–20

  ship at Charleston, 215–16

  Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (Beard), 25

  Eleanor (tea ship), 206, 208

  tea thrown overboard, 210–11

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 250, 284n

  Essex Gazette, 243

  “Excellent New Song for the Sons of Liberty in America, An,” 69–70

  “Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston, A,” 174–75

  Fairfax, George William, 223

  Faneuil, Benjamin, 202

  Forbes, Esther, 267–68

  Forrest, James, 166–67

  Fort Edward, 93

  Fort George (New York City), 63

  antistamp mob threats to, 78–79

  Colden’s reinforcement of, 67, 70–71, 75

  Montresor’s journals and, 71

  refuge for stamp agent, 68

  Sons of Liberty plan to attack, 89

  stamped paper at, 70, 72, 78–79, 80–82

  Fortune (tea ship), 219

  Franklin, Benjamin, 30, 117, 260

  agent for all colonies in London, 236

  Albany Plan and, 4–5, 12

  as apprentice, 29

  on British taxes, 10

  called before Privy Council, 197, 261

  call for Continental Congress, 224

  Declaration of Independence and, 261

  as envoy to Britain, 4, 5, 10, 123, 197

  error in gauging colonial response to Stamp Act, 4, 17, 36

  Gulf Stream and, 18

  home threatened by anti–Stamp Tax activists, 84

  Hutchinson’s letters and, 195, 196–97, 261

  as minister to France, 261

  Paxton Boys and, 6

  Penn family dispute and, 5, 6, 7

  petition of Continental Congress delivered and disseminated in England by, 236–37

  on principles of the colonists, 199

  representing Georgia in London, 226

  role in American Revolution, 261

  Second Continental Congress and, 261

  testimony before Parliament, 97–101

  Treaty of Paris and, 261

  Franklin, William, 68

  French and Indian War, 2, 11

  expense of, debt from, 4, 5, 97, 98

  Frothingham, Richard, 156, 157

  Gadsden, Christopher, 62, 106–7, 139, 260

  British capture of Charleston and imprisonment, 262

  death of, 262

  “Don’t Tread on Me” flag, 262

  response to Boston Port Act, 222

  Samuel Adams and, 115–16

  “Samuel Adams of the South,” 261

  Second Continental Congress and, 261–62

  trade boycott problems, 241–42

  vote for Suffolk Resolves, 231

  Gage, Thomas, Governor of Massachusetts and British General, 70, 93, 94, 95, 101

  attempt to bribe Sam Adams, 228

  authorized to use force against the colonists, 244

  becomes governor, 220

  Boston Massacre and, 161

  Boston Massacre trial and, 168

  Boston regiments and, 134–35, 138, 234–35

  Colden, Fort George, and, 67, 81

  death of, 259

  edict ignored by Sam Adams, 225

  failure of troops in Boston, 156

  housing of troops in New York and, 110

  liberty pole struggles and, 112, 142

  offer of pardon to all but Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 258

  predicts independence movement, 124–25

  recalled to England, 259

  records discovered in 1930s, 175

  regiments sent to Boston, 129

  return to London (1774) with reports on colonies, 217–18

  Samuel Adams and, 234–35

  secret plans to arrest leaders of Sons of Liberty, 237–38, 243, 251

  temperament as problem, 235

  troops sent to Concord, 245–49, 251

  Gailer, George, 150

  Galloway, Joseph, 229, 231

  Garrick, Edward, 157

  George III, King of England, 13, 96

  repeal of the Stamp Act, 101, 105

  response to Boston Tea Party, 217–18

  response to petition of Continental Congress, 236–37

  Georgia

  absent from Continental Congress of 1774, 226

  Committee of Correspondence, 226

  population of, 226

  as “royal province,” 5

  Sons of Liberty in, 226

  stamp master resigns, 84

  Goddard, William, 69

  Golden Hill, Battle of, 145–47, 176, 278n

  Goldfinch, Capt. John, 156–57

  Gombrich, E. H., xiii–xiv

  Gore, Sammy, 154

  Gray, John, 155–56

  Gray, Samuel, 159, 162

  Great Britain. See also British Parliament; George III

  colonial loyalty to, 34, 42, 60, 105, 124–25, 131, 133, 192–93, 198, 231

  criticism of treatment of colonies, 11–12

  Hutchinson Letter Affair, 196–97

  nonimportation agreements and economic pressure on, 138

  oppressive measures against the colonies, 4

  petition of Continental Congress arrives in, and response, 236–38

  response to Boston Tea Party, 211, 212, 217–25

&nb
sp; schemers and incompetents sent to rule the colonies, 10–11

  stamp taxes used in, 4

  superior attitude toward colonies, 11, 33, 36

  trade duties levied on colonies, 9–10

  trade with colonies, 11, 12

  troops stationed in the colonies, 11

  war debt of, 7, 8, 26, 116

  Whigs as sympathetic to colonists, 6

  Grenville, George, 7, 8, 9, 90, 96

  Declaratory Act and, 101

  Stamp Act and, 10, 13, 35

  Hale, Nathan, xiv

  Hall, James, 205

  Hallowell, Benjamin, 56–57

  Hancock, John, xiv, 28

  Boston Tea Party and, 205, 207, 209

  call for Continental Congress, 224

  death of, 259

  Gage’s plans to arrest and, 245–49

  in Massachusetts Assembly, 170

  as Massachusetts governor, 259, 260

  petition for withdrawal of troops, 161

  Provincial Congress meeting in Concord and, 244

  Samuel Adams and, 259

  seizure of his ship, 128–29, 130

  Stamp Act and, 46

  Hannah (packet boat), 181–82

  Hartford, Connecticut, 89

  newspaper, 38

  Sons of Liberty summit meeting in, 92

  Harvard University, 226

  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 31

  Henry, Patrick, xiv

  anonymous Frenchman’s account of, 40–43, 275n

  “Give me liberty…,” 25, 242–43

  as governor of Virginia, 260

  “If this be treason…,” 40

  resolutions in response to the Stamp Act, 38–43

  Virginia’s Committee of Correspondence and, 193

  vote for Suffolk Resolves, 230

  Hewes, George, 209–11

  Hill, John, 240

  Hillsborough, Lord, 125, 126

  History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (Hutchinson), 259

  HMS Beaver, 186

  HMS Coventry, 71–72

  HMS Cygnet, 57

  HMS Edward, 67, 71–72, 83

  HMS Garland, 71–72, 77, 81, 94, 103

  HMS Gaspée

  burning of, xvi, 179–89

  Dudingston as commander, 179–83, 185–86

  failure of hearings, 189, 190

  hearings on burning, 188–89

  men involved in attack, 183, 184, 189

  HMS Kingfisher, 233

  HMS Romney, 127–28, 129

  Hofstadter, Richard, 25

  Holt, John, 68, 70, 86, 94, 137, 214

  Hood, Zachariah, 68, 85

  Howard, William, 91

  Howe, William, 255

  Hughes, Hugh, 90

  Hughes, John, 17

  Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependencies of the American Colonies, An (Zubly), 16

  Hutchinson, Thomas, Governor of Massachusetts (former Lt. Governor), 50, 51, 52–55, 56, 116, 152

  agitating against colonies in London, 235, 259

  awareness of call for Continental Congress, 224

  Boston Massacre and, 159–60

  Boston Massacre trial and, 168

  Boston Tea Party response, 211

  death of, 259

  East India Company interests, 198, 200–201

  efforts to stop protest meeting, 152

  incendiary letters by, 194–97

  letters from Bernard, 132

  option to return tea to England declined by, 201, 208–9, 211

  Samuel Adams and, 152, 163–64, 195

  suspension of Assembly and, 199

  tea tax protests and, 199–201, 203, 204, 205–6, 207, 208–9

  troop withdrawal petition and, 161

  warnings about independence movement, 1772, 191, 192, 193

  Hutchinson Letter Affair, 194–97

  Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, The (Bailyn), 25

  impressment, 127–28

  Improved Order of Red Men, 267

  Ingersoll, Jared, 67–68

  Intolerables. See Coercive Acts

  Ireland, 11, 16–17

  Irvin, Benjamin, 151

  Jackson, Richard, 52, 53, 54

  James (ship of Robert Murray), 233

  James, Maj. Thomas, 71, 72, 73, 74–75, 76–77, 82, 83, 84, 106, 112

  Jefferson, Thomas, xiv, 260

  Patrick Henry’s speech and, 242, 243

  on Samuel Adams, 258

  Virginia’s Committee of Correspondence and, 193

  Virginia Resolves and, 38

  Johnny Tremain (Forbes), 267–68

  Johnson, Andrew, 30

  Johnson, Lyndon, 70

  Johnston, Augustus, 57

  “Journal of the Times” or “Journal of Occurrences” (S. Adams), 136–37

  Kennedy, William, 1

  Kent State Massacre, 160–61

  Killroy, Matthew, 168, 170

  Knights of the Golden Circle, 266

  Koch, Jim, 269

  Lamb, John, 90, 141, 143, 214–15, 260

  in American Revolution, 262–63

  death of, 263

  as first customs collector, Port of New York, 263

  scandal and disgrace, post-Revolution, 265–66

  Lansing, John, 19, 20, 87

  Laurens, Henry, 233, 283n

  Lee, Richard Henry, 223, 235

  Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 120–22

  Lexington, Massachusetts, 244–45

  Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 249, 251–55

  casualties, 254–55

  killing of William Marcy, 255

  libel, 65

  Liberty (Hancock’s ship), 128–29

  Lillie, Theophilus, 152–53

  Lincoln, Abraham, 266

  Lindsey, Benjamin, 182

  Lister, Jeremy, 253, 254

  Little History of the World, The (Gombrich), xiii–xiv

  Livingston, Philip, 141

  London (tea ship), 215–16

  London Gazette, 196

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 246

  Los Angeles Free Press, 69

  Mackenzie, John, 139–40

  Madison, James, xiv, 260

  Maier, Pauline, 258, 264

  Malcolm X, ix, 256–57

  Mallet, Jonathan, 177

  Marcy, William, 255

  Maryland

  Assembly, Resolves, 45

  Committee of Correspondence, 46

  as land grant or proprietorship, 5–6

  Sons of Liberty chapters, 92–93

  stamp agent threatened, 68, 85

  Maryland Gazette, 37

  Mason, George, 131

  Massachusetts. See also Boston

  as “charter” colony, 5

  Committee of Correspondence, dissemination of embargo resolution, 123

  Governor Bernard’s letter about rebellion against Stamp Tax, 46–51

  population of, 28

  Suffolk Resolves, 230–31

  towns objecting to Boston Tea Party, 217

  towns opposing the landing of tea, 208

  Massachusetts Assembly, 35

  call for colonial union, 194

  dissolved by Bernard, 126, 164

  Hutchinson’s letters and, 194–97

  Intolerable Acts removes power of colony to elect members, 222

  John and Samuel Adams in, 170

  petition to King George to rescind revenue acts and circular letter, 123–24, 125

  petition to remove Bernard as governor, 126

  refusal to rescind circular letter, 125

  Resolves, 46

  Samuel Adams as clerk of, 116, 126

  solidarity and, 115–16

  Stamp Tax protest sent to London, 35

  suspended by Hutchinson, 199

  Massachusetts Government Act, 222

  refusal to submit to, 231

  Suffolk Resolves and, 230

  Maverick, Samuel, 159, 162

  Mawney,
John, 183, 184, 185–86, 189

  May, Peter, 188

  Mayhew, Jonathan, 15–16, 115

  maypole, 110–11

  McDougall, Alexander, 176, 224

  Murray and, 234

  McEvers, David, 72

  McEvers, James, 23, 58, 67, 76

  Message to the Grassroots (Malcolm X), 256–57

  Michener, Ronald W., 25–26

  Midnight Ride (of Paul Revere), xiv, 245–49, 250, 251

  Minutemen, 235, 249

  Battles of Lexington and Concord, 252–55

  Monk, Christopher, 163

  Montagu, Adm. John, British fleet commander, 180–81, 187–88

  Montgomery, Hugh, 170–71

  Montresor, John

  on Battery cannon, 103

  Fort George defenses and, 84

  identifies “Sons of Liberty,” 86

  journals of, 71, 81

  on New York during Stamp Act Boycott, 104

  petition for land denied, 102

  relief on troops holding fire, 78

  reports on liberty pole, 111

  reports on stamp protests, 73, 76–77, 85, 93, 94–95, 102

  reports peace in New York following surrender of stamped paper, 83

  on Sons of Liberty, 88–89, 93, 104, 106

  Stamp Act repeal, reaction in New York, 105

  survey of islands in harbor, 113

  Moore, Sir Henry, Governor of New York

  absent from Stamp Tax repeal celebration, 106

  appointment of, 79

  arrival in New York, 84

  Colden passes buck to, 82, 83, 84

  death of, 143

  fortification of harbor islands, 113

  hands-off policy with Sons of Liberty, 94–95

  liberty pole struggles and, 115, 142

  meeting on enforcing Stamp Act, 85

  Sons of Liberty threaten life of, 88

  unpopularity of, 102

  wearing of homespun coats, 93

  Morgan, Edmund and Helen, 38, 45, 61, 93

  Mott, Gershom, 90

  Murray, John, Earl of Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, 242

  originally sent to New York, 177

  Murray, Robert, 233–34

  Native Americans, 6, 10

  Navigation Act of 1660, 4

  Neville, John, 270

  New Brunswick, New Jersey, 92

  New England Trade and Fisheries Act (New England Restraining Act), 239

  New Hampshire

  Assembly, 46, 194

  as “royal province,” 5

  tax demonstrations in, 84

  New Jersey

  Elizabeth, embargoed goods and, 234

  Elizabeth stamp protest, 92

  refusal to accept stamped paper, 68

  as “royal province,” 5

  Sons of Liberty in, 91, 92

  New Jersey Assembly

  Resolves, 46

  Stamp Tax protest sent to London, 35

  New London, Connecticut, secret delegation of Sons of Liberty sent to, 90

  Newport, Rhode Island